Chapter 12: Introduction to Plants
Section 1: What Is a Plant?: Vocabulary
1. novascular plant- a plant that doesn't have specialized tissues to move to water and nutrients through the plant
2. vascular plant- a plant that has tissues to deliver water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another
3. gymnosperm- nonflowering seed plant
4. angiosperm- flowering seed plant
2. vascular plant- a plant that has tissues to deliver water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another
3. gymnosperm- nonflowering seed plant
4. angiosperm- flowering seed plant
Section 1: What Is a Plant?: Summary
This section was all about a plant and it's characteristics, classification, and the plants origin. In plants characteristics it talks about photosynthesis, cuticles, cell walls, and reproduction. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that captures energy from sunlight. Chloroplasts are organelles found in many plant cells and some protists. Plants use energy from sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water. Cuticles protect a plant. A cuticle is a waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants that are exposed to air. Cell walls support and protect the plant cell. Plants have two stages in their life-cycle---the sporophyte and the gametophyte stage. In the sporophyte stage, plants make spores. In a suitable environment, such as damp soil, they grow which are gametophytes. Four groups, vascular, nonvascular, seedless, nonflowering, and flowering plants.
Section 2: Seedless Plants
1. rhizoid- a rootlike structure that holds nonvascular plants in place
2. rhizome- an underground stem from which new leaves and roots grow
2. rhizome- an underground stem from which new leaves and roots grow
Section 2: Seedless Plants: Summary
This section was all about nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants, such as mosses, livereworts and hornworts. Seedless plants include ferns, horsetails and club mosses. Mosses have leafy stalks and rhizoids. Like mosses, liverworts and hornworts are small, nonvascular plants that usually live in damp places. Nonvascular plants are really important in our environment. They are usually the first plants to live in a new environment, such as newly exposed rock. some examples that are important to humans are peat mosses. Peat can be dried and burned as a fuel. Ancient ferns, horsetails, and club mosses grew very tall. Today, ferns, horsetails, and club mosses are usually much smaller. Because they have vascular tissue, they are often larger than nonvascular plants. Ferns grow in many places, from cold Artic to warm, humid tropical forests. Horsetails usually grow in wet, marshy places. Their stems are hollow and contain silicia. It gives a gritty texture. Club mosses grow in woodlands and are not really mosses. Seedless vascular plants play important roles in the environment, they help form soil.
Section 3: Seed Plants: Vocabulary
1. pollen- sperm from inside tiny structures
2. pollination- the transfer of pollen from male cones to the female cones
2. pollination- the transfer of pollen from male cones to the female cones
Section 3: Seed Plants: Summary
This section was all about seed plants and their characteristics and their structures. it also discussed about gymnosperms and angiosperms. Now the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that gymnosperms are seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit but angiosperms do. There are two classes of angiosperm, monocots and dicots. The structure of a seed is in three layers, seed coat, young plant, and stored food in cotyledon. There are three characteristics of a seed plants. Seed plants produce seeds, the gametophytes form within the reproductive structures of the sporophyte, and the sperm of seedless plants need water to swim to the eggs of female gmaetophytes.
Section 4: Structure of Seed Plants: Vocabulary
1. xylem- vascular tissue that transports water and minerals through the plant
2. phloem- vascular tissue that transports food molecules to all parts of vascular plants
3. sepals- modified leaves
4. petals- broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower
5. stamen- male reproductive structure
6. pistil- female reproductive structure
7. ovary- the rounded base of a pistil
2. phloem- vascular tissue that transports food molecules to all parts of vascular plants
3. sepals- modified leaves
4. petals- broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower
5. stamen- male reproductive structure
6. pistil- female reproductive structure
7. ovary- the rounded base of a pistil
Section 4: Structure of Seed Plants: Summary
This section was all about structures of seed plants and roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It discussed information on root functions, root structure, and root systems and went into to details with them. In stems it dicussed stem function; which there are three, herbaceous stems, and woody stems and went into more details on them. Then it discussed leaves and there functions, structure, and adaptations then went into a lot of details. Last they talked about flowers. which include sepals and petals , stamens and pistils, and the importance of flowers